The Berlin Blockade and Airlift 1948

The Berlin Blockade and Airlift ? 1948-1949 Essay After the Second World War, Berlin was split between the UK, France, the US and the USSR as it was decided at Yalta and Potsdam. Soon afterwards the four zones merged into two, namely West and East Berlin. Berlin shortly afterwards became the front for the cold war between the USSR and the West. On June 25th, 1948, the USSR set up a blockade around Berlin to try and force the Allies to give up their rights to the western part of the city. Stalin halted all traffic into and out of the Russian sector of Berlin; he also cut off all electricity, claiming technical difficulties. With all roads blocked, the Allies had no way of keeping the 2.5 million citizens of West Berlin, who only had enough supplies to last 45 days, fed and warm. At the beginning of the Blockade, however, some left wing British labour parties suggested that the UK should withdraw but the idea was quickly dismissed by Bevin , who said: We intend to stay in Berlin The opinion of the whole world will condemn the ruthless attempt by the Soviet Government to create a state of siege in Berlin and so, by starving the helpless civilian population, secure political advantages at the expense of the other Allied Powers.General Clay devised a way of supplying the people of West Berlin in way of an airlift but first had to convince his commanding officer, General LeMay . He agreed and the airlift started on the 24th of June 1948 under the codename Operation Vittles. We will write a custom essay on The Berlin Blockade and Airlift ? 1948-1949 specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now At the same time, Clay pushed President Truman to reopen the closed roads, by force. Truman rightfully rejected the idea in fear that by using force would escalate the situation and upgrade the cold war into a full hot war. At the start of the airlift, the main aircraft used was the C-47 , but due to space restrictions soon had to be replaced with the C-54. General Clay was ever to meet his goal of 4,500 tons of supplies a day. A total of 72 C-54 bombers and 2,500 crewmembers were used in the airlift and by September 1948, the airlift was transporting 5,583 tonnes of supplies into West Berlin. Russia tried to justify the blockade by claiming the West had voided their right to the occupation of Berlin on July 14th, and that the blockade was to protect the economy of the Soviet zone. This was in some part due to the Allies insisting on setting up a separate West German government and issuing a separate currency. The USSR stood by its argument that West Berlin is in the centre of the So viet zone and is now part of that zone.The Western reaction to the Soviet accusations was as could be expected and they replied that no Threats, pressure or other actions could force the US out of Berlin. General Donovan also said The place to make a stand against Russia is right here in Berlin. This is not a cold war. It is hot as hell Their motives are just what the Soviets had said, to stop the ERP and what they have not said, to drive us out of Europe. If the Soviets want war, they can start it 500 miles to the west just as well as here.Stalin could have just as easily shot down the bombers, but in fear of the Allies declaring a full-scale war, did not. Three paths, 20 miles in width leading from West Germany to Berlin, had been set-aside as flight paths. In November 1948, Soviet officials threatened to shoot down any planes that flew outside of the 20-mile corridors regardless of weather conditions. .u117de07d07205038eb67183f81ec1863 , .u117de07d07205038eb67183f81ec1863 .postImageUrl , .u117de07d07205038eb67183f81ec1863 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u117de07d07205038eb67183f81ec1863 , .u117de07d07205038eb67183f81ec1863:hover , .u117de07d07205038eb67183f81ec1863:visited , .u117de07d07205038eb67183f81ec1863:active { border:0!important; } .u117de07d07205038eb67183f81ec1863 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u117de07d07205038eb67183f81ec1863 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u117de07d07205038eb67183f81ec1863:active , .u117de07d07205038eb67183f81ec1863:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u117de07d07205038eb67183f81ec1863 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u117de07d07205038eb67183f81ec1863 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u117de07d07205038eb67183f81ec1863 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u117de07d07205038eb67183f81ec1863 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u117de07d07205038eb67183f81ec1863:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u117de07d07205038eb67183f81ec1863 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u117de07d07205038eb67183f81ec1863 .u117de07d07205038eb67183f81ec1863-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u117de07d07205038eb67183f81ec1863:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Deadly Social Cloud (Satire) EssayOn December 6th, a C-54 taking off from Fassburg, Germany crashed within walking distance of the airfield and three airmen were killed. These were the only reported military casualties during the blockade. Undaunted by several deaths, Operation Santa Clause was set into action on December 20th and began to fly gifts to the children of West Berlin which totalled close to 10,000 children. In May of 1949 the USSR finally announces the end of the blockade after 328 days. The airlift continued, however, hoping to build up a 200,000 tonne reserve in Berlin only to be finally phased out by the US and Britain by October 31, 1949. On the day the blockade was lifted the French, British and American military governors agreed to a constitution for the Federal Republic of Germany. This was just one of the many consequences of the Berlin Blockade. During the 328-day blockade, the NATO treaty was signed in Washington D.C., American nuclear-armed bombers were based in Britain, the Council of Europe was founded in Western Europe and its Eastern rival, the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance . The surrender of the USSR in regard of the Berlin blockade might have boosted the Wests confidence but it weakened the relationship between the Soviet Union and the Western world so much that the cold war would continue for an additional forty years and the reunification of East and West Ber lin, as well as Germany on a whole, would not happen in the foreseeable future. BibliographyTodd, Allan. Democracies And Dictatorships: Europe And The World 1919-1989. Cambridge University Press, 2001. Lowe, Norman. Mastering Modern World History. Palgrave, 1997. Arms, S. Thomas. Berlin. Encyclopedia of the Cold War, 1994. Botting, Douglas. From the ruins of the Reich: Germany 1945-1949. New American Library, 1985.

Ferdinhand Magellan essays

Ferdinhand Magellan essays Magellan was the most adventurous explorer of the 16th century. He was born in the spring of 1480 to a lower Nobel Portuguese family. He proved himself in many battles and expeditions for his country. But in 1517 he renounced his Portuguese citizenship after King Emanuel refused his request for a fleet to prove the Spice Islands could be reached by sailing west. Magellan left for Spain to seek support for his plan. King Charles I desperately needed a westward route to the Spice Islands in order to share in the profitable spice trade. The Portuguese controlled all the other trade routes around Africas Cape of Good Hope and Spanish ships were not allowed to pass through. He eagerly approved Magellans plan and funded the expedition. In September of 1519 Magellan set sail with five ships and a crew of 270 men to find a route around or through South America. There are a lot of reasons I believe this expedition is the greatest adventure of the 1500s. For one, nobody knew if a passage existed or how far it was across South America. The maps they had to use were very crude and far from accurate. Magellan was also taking a big risk by commanding a Spanish crew, remember he is Portuguese born and the relationship between these countries is not good. If they did find a passage though South America they still had to find the Spice Islands and they would be in uncharted waters. The weather, winds, and currents were all unknowns to them at the time. Magellans expedition did discover a passage through South America to the Pacific Ocean. It is what we now call The Strait of Magellan located at the Southern tip of South America. But the voyage didnt go as planned and a heavy price was paid for their discoveries. The trip took nearly three years to complete. Four of the five ships were lost. All but 18 of the crew of 270 died from starvation, disease, and warring with hostile natives. Magellan died in a battle in the P...

Patrick Henry, an American Revolutionary Patriot

Patrick Henry, an American Revolutionary Patriot Patrick Henry was more than just a lawyer, patriot, and orator; he was one of the great leaders of the American Revolutionary War who is best known for the quote â€Å"Give me liberty or give me death†, yet this leader never held a national political office. Although Henry was a radical leader in opposition to the British, he refused to accept the new U.S. government and is considered instrumental for the passage of the Bill of Rights. Early Years Patrick Henry was born in  Hanover County, Virginia  on May 29, 1736,  to John and Sarah Winston Henry.  Patrick was born on a plantation which had belonged to his mother’s family for a long time. His father was a Scottish immigrant who attended Kings College at the University of Aberdeen in Scotland and whom also educated Patrick at home.  Patrick was the second oldest of nine children. When Patrick was fifteen, he managed a store his father owned, but this business soon failed. As were many of this era, Patrick grew up in a religious setting with an uncle who was an Anglican minister and his mother would take him to Presbyterian services. In 1754, Henry married Sarah Shelton and they had six children before her death in 1775.  Sarah had a dowry which was a 600-acre tobacco farm which also included a house with six slaves.  Henry was unsuccessful as a farmer and in 1757 the house was destroyed by a fire. After selling the slaves, Henry was also unsuccessful as a storekeeper. Henry studied law on his own, as was customary at that time in colonial America. In 1760, he passed his attorney’s examination in Williamsburg, Virginia before a group of the most influential and famous Virginia lawyers including Robert Carter Nicholas, Edmund Pendleton, John and Peyton Randolph, and George Wythe. Legal and Political Career In 1763, Henry’s reputation as not only a lawyer but also who was able to captivate an audience with his oratory skills was secured with the famous case known as â€Å"Parson’s Cause.†Ã‚  Colonial Virginia had passed a law regarding payment for ministers which resulted in decreasing their income.  The ministers complained which caused King George III to overturn it. A minister won a lawsuit against the colony for back pay and it was up to a jury to determine the amount of damages. Henry convinced the jury to only award a single farthing (one penny) by arguing that a king would veto such a law was nothing more than â€Å"a tyrant who forfeits the allegiance of his subjects.†Ã¢â‚¬â€¹ Henry was elected to the Virginia House of Burgesses in 1765 where he became one the earliest argue against the Crown’s oppressive colonial policies.  Henry gained fame during the debate over the Stamp Act of 1765 which negatively impacted mercantile trade in the North American colonies by requiring almost every paper used by colonists were to be printed on  stamped paper  that was produced in London and contained an embossed  revenue stamp. Henry argued that on Virginia should have the right to levy any taxes on its’ own citizens. Although some believed that Henry’s comments were treasonous, once his arguments were published in other colonies, the displeasure with British rule began to flourish. American Revolutionary War Henry used his words and rhetoric in a way that made him  a driving force behind the revolt against Britain.  Although Henry was very well educated, he was to discuss his political philosophies into words that the common man could easily grasp and make as their own ideology as well. His oratory skills helped to have him selected in 1774 to the Continental Congress in Philadelphia where he not only served as a delegate but is where he met Samuel Adams.  At the Continental Congress, Henry united the colonists stating that The distinctions between Virginians, Pennsylvanians, New Yorkers and New Englanders, are no more. I am not a Virginian, but an American. In March 1775 at the Virginia Convention, Henry made the argument for taking military action against Britain with what is commonly referred to as his most famous speech proclaiming that Our brethren are already in the field! Why stand we here idle? ... Is life so dear, or peace so sweet, as to be purchased at the price of chains and slavery? Forbid it, Almighty God! I know not what course others may take; but as for me, give me liberty, or give me death! Shortly after this speech, the American Revolution  began on April 19, 1775, with the â€Å"shot heard around the world† at Lexington and Concord.  Although Henry was immediately named as commander in chief of Virginias forces, he quickly resigned this post preferring to stay in Virginia where he aided in drafting the states constitution and becoming its’ first governor in 1776. As governor, Henry aided George Washington by supplying troops and much-needed provisions.  Although Henry would resign after serving three terms as governor, he would serve two more terms in that position in the mid-1780s.  In 1787, Henry chose not to attend the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia which resulted in the drafting of a new Constitution. As an  Anti-Federalist, Henry opposed the new Constitution arguing that this document would not only promote a corrupt government but that the three branches would compete with each other for more power leading to a tyrannical federal government.  Henry also objected to the Constitution because it did not contain any freedoms or rights for individuals. At the time, these were commonplace in state constitutions which were based on the Virginia model that Henry helped to write and which explicitly listed the individual rights of citizens that were protected. This was in direct opposition to the British model which did not contain any written protections. Henry argued against Virginia ratifying the Constitution as he believed that it did not protect states rights.  However, in an 89-to-79 vote, Virginia lawmakers ratified the Constitution. The Final Years In 1790 Henry chose to be a lawyer over public service, turning down appointments to the United States Supreme Court, Secretary of State and U.S. Attorney General.  Instead, Henry enjoyed that he had a successful and thriving legal practice as well as spending with his second wife, Dorothea Dandridge, who he had married in 1777. Henry also had seventeen children who were born between his two wives. In 1799, fellow Virginian George Washington persuaded Henry to run for a seat in the Virginia legislature.  Although Henry won the election, he died on June 6, 1799, at his â€Å"Red Hill† estate prior to ever taking office.  Henry is commonly referred to as one of the great revolutionary leaders who lead to the formation of the United States.

Barbie and Mattel Corporation Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Barbie and Mattel Corporation - Term Paper Example Creating a brand name serves as the best way to achieve this objective. This was the main story behind the success of Barbie in Mattel Corporation. Handler and Elliot modeled a success story by taking a different approach in that designing and modeling Barbie differently from other dolls in the market, which are susceptible to fashion and fickleness. Since customers are aware of an existing similar brand in the market, they are more likely to be more attached to a brand extension that provides better utility as compared to a new product (Arslan & Altuona, 2010). The success behind Barbie was that while other dolls were modeled on the prospect of being tender and dependent , Mattel developed a completely different approach of the same dolls by making Barbie to appear independent and having an elaborated adult figure that portrayed compete femininity that many girls of different ages were attracted to or tried to emulate. This was better enhanced by providing Barbie with different hair styles, mood expressions and different expressions of careers. Barbie according to these aspects became more than a doll in the lives of many young and middle age girls, in that Barbie had a different lovely expression to each age group. This was the story behind creating a brand name in dolls industry that made Barbie to become a lifestyle for many. Though Barbie was hardly a high tech product, it was through innovation that Mattel made the model to be a brand name in the market. The idea of innovativeness and extensions made the two to adopt a different approach that made the product a brand name in the market. An existing product can be created into a new product through brand extension that is much cheaper as compared to introducing a new product in the market (Arslan & Altuona, 2010). Largely brand extensions provide a better way to making brand recognition and image in venturing new markets (Aaker & Keller, 1990).  

Research of the Company Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Of the Company - Research Paper Example Finally, this paper gives solutions on the company should overcome its current challenges as discussed below. Problem General Motors Company is an international automobile carmaker, which operates globally. Additionally, this company started its operations more than one hundred years ago. Currently, the company is facing stiff competition from other automobile car dealers all over the world. Notably, workers in all levels of management have demonstrated over the poor terms and conditions of work. Finally, this has resulted to conflicts between the top management level and the employees. As a result the company is recording low sales in most countries of its operations thus low profits attained. As a consultant have met all the stakeholders and thorough feasibility study have been contacted. Additionally, the top management has given me directives and guidelines to come up with a permanent solution to this problem. Problem statement Having analyzed the problem the top management has g iven me a taskforce which will collaborate in order to develop a new system. Agreeably, the new system will come up with a permanent solution to overcome the above mentioned problem. Notably, the new system will work within some certain budget which must get approval from the top management level. ... Additionally, the teamwork is working within certain guidelines provided by the top management level. Agreeably, this guideline relates to financial limits, and the technology that should make the project viable. Notably, this project involves other stakeholders whose work is to analyze the direction of the project as well measuring and submitting reports to the top management level. Additionally, this taskforce will work together within these guidelines which they must not go beyond. Initially, the feasibility study will undergo thorough cross-examination, and the current situation examined. Furthermore, the taskforce will also examine the market research already contacted and come up with new marketing strategies in order to make more sales in most of the affected countries of its operation. Agreeably, this will come true if the company will manufacture modern type of cars, which are affordable, and fuel efficient (Bentley & Whitten, 2007). Precisely, this will reduce stiff competi tion the company is currently facing hence boosting sales. System objective Evidently, this project will come up with a new system, which is cost effective and favorable to employees to avoid conflicts and financial constraints. Additionally, it will come up with a modern technology, which will monitor its progress with time. Precisely, the new technology will be user friendly to employees and the company in general. Notably, the old system will seize to exist so that it can pave the way for the new system. Additionally, the existing staff in the information technology department will have to attend short courses on how to use this new system. Moreover, the project will show estimates of the budget, and the period it will take for its full implementation take

J.K. Rowlings Harry Potter Essay -- Rowling Harry Potter Essays

J.K. Rowling's Harry Potter Harry Potter is an orphaned boy whose parents were attacked and killed by the evil wizard, Lord Voldemort. The boy survived the horrible slaying, which left him with a lightning bolt scar on his forehead. He lives with his disagreeable uncle and aunt and unpleasantly selfish cousin during summer months. The boy attends the Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry, where he learns about potions, flying on a broomstick, and fighting off the evil Lord Voldemort. Harry Potter is adored by children of all ages, along with adults, for his witty humor and fantasy adventures. Children crave his friendship and magic powers. The first three books were on the New York Times bestseller lists before New York Times decided to split up the list into children's and adults' books because of Harry Potter's popularity (Gray par. 2). Harry Potter won the Parenting Book of the Year Award in 1998, and the 1997 National Book Award (Ballard par. 6). Harry Potter has swept through the world causing controversy over the positive and negative impacts the books are having on children. Although some people claim that Harry Potter is Satanic, Harry Potter has had a positive influence on children's literature because children are learning good values, a positive role model, and are reading more. J.K. Rowling presented Harry Potter to children's literature in 1997. Seven years ago, Rowling was an unemployed single mother of a small daughter and was living in a two-room apartment in Edinburgh, Scotland. Rowling began to write Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone in a coffee shop while her daughter took naps Since then, she has written a total of four novels: Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone written in... ...oshen College Good Library. 24 October 2001. Gray, Paul. "The Magic of Potter." Rev. Dec. 2000.17. Oct. 2001 http://www.time.com/time/pog2000/mag/rowling.html. Liungman, Carl G. "Dictionary of Symbols." Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 1991. Radigan, Winifred M. "Connecting the Gernerations: Memory, Magic, and Harry Potter." Journal of Adolescent and Adult Literacy 44.8 (2001):694. Academic Search Elite. Palni Site Search. Goshen College Good Library. 24 October 2001. "Why We Like Harry Potter." Christianity Today 10 Jan. 2000: 37. Academic Search Elite. Palni Site Search. Goshen College Good Library. 24 October 2001. Wyckoff, Malia McCawley. "Beyond Harry Potter: The books boys can't resist reading." Family Life Oct. 2000: 86. Academic Search Elite. Palni Site Search. Goshen College Good Library. 24 October 2001.

Acid-Base Titration Lab

Acid-Base Titration Objectives: 1. To titrate a hydrochloric acid solution of unknown concentration with standardized 0. 10M sodium hydroxide. 2. To utilize the titration data to calculate the molarity of the hydrochloric acid. Materials: See handout for more info. Procedure: See handout for more info. Data and Calculations: Table 1: Volume of NaOH Required to Neutralize 10. 00mL of Unknown HCl Molarity of NaOh | Trial 1| Trial 2| Trial 3| Trial 4| Initial Volume of NaOH(mL)| 0. 0| 11. 00| 20. 85| 30. 45| Final Volume of NaOH(mL)| 11. 00| 20. 85| 30. 45| 39. 98| Volume of NaOH used(mL)| 11. 00 (Cancel out)| 9. 85| 9. 60| 9. 53| Average Volume of NaOH = (9. 85+9. 60+9. 53)/3 = 9. 66mL Sample Calculations: (9. 85+9. 60+9. 53)/3 = 9. 66mL The average volume of NaOH used. Calculations: 1. Moles NaOH = M x V = (0. 1M) (0. 00966L) = 0. 000966 moles 2. Moles HCl = moles NaOH 0. 000966 moles -> 9. 66Ãâ€"10-4 3. NaOH + HCl = NaCl + H2O Moles NaOH = M x V = (0. M)(0. 00966L) = 0. 000966 moles Moles HCl = moles NaOH [HCl] = moles/volumes = (0. 000966)/ (0. 0096L) [HCl] = 0. 1M Follow-up Questions: 1. It will have no effect because the phenolphthalein only changes color depending on the pH level. Adding substances that will not change the pH level will have no effect. 2. We rinsed out the buret with NaOH, it is to neutralize any leftover acids that may have existed from previous experiments that the buret may have been used in. 4.When we added the NaOH, it instantly neutralized the HCl but because of HCl having more moles inside the beaker, the excess HCl instantly reverting the system back into a base. 5. [HCl] = 0. 1M pH = -log[HCl] pH = -log(0. 1M) pH = 1 Conclusion: By using the titration data, we found out that the molarity of HCl is equal to the concentration of NaOH. This happens because the system is in a one-to-one relationship between the two compounds. If we use the same amount of volume of HCl and NaOH, and mix the two, it will reach to a neutral pH value.